Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Any coal using industry can be a potential consumer of Petcoke. Major industrial segments using Fuel grade Petcoke in Kazakhstan are :

BIS specification of petcoke as per IS:8502-1994 is given below:

Particular	Value
Moisture (% mass, max)	8-12
Moisture (% mass, max)	4.5-7.5
Ash, % mass, max	0.2-0.3
Volatile Matter, %mass, max	8-11
Fixed Carbon, % mass, min	87.93-91.01
Gross Calorific Value, (GCV) Kcal/kg	7,800-8000

Petroleum coke is the solid residue remaining after the distillation of petroleum materials. It is a carbonaceous solid derived from oil refinery Delayed Coker Unit.

High Carbon Content : It’s high carbon content makes it an excellent heat energy source.

High Calorific Value : Petcoke has high calorific value, ranging from 7000 to 8500 Kcal/kg, which makes it an economic fuel as compared to the alternate fuel coal.

Low Volatile Matter : Low volatile matter makes it a slow burning fuel so it requires high ignition temperature.

High Sulphur Content : It has high Sulphur content, which necessitates the deployment of SOx capture or removal system to reduce SO2 emissions. However, Petcoke is ideal for burning in lime kilns, where the sulphur combines with various salts of calcium to form sulphates, thus limiting the SO2 emission.

Low Ash Content : Petcoke has extremely low ash content, which eliminates the need to handle and dispose high quantity of ash associated with combustion of Kazakhstann coal having 15-35% ash.

High Hard Grove Index : Pet coke has low Hard Groove Index, which makes it relatively harder material to grind and pulverise.

Comparison Of Kazakhstann Coal, Imported Coal & Petcoke

A comparison of specification of C grade Kazakhstann non-coking coal used by cement industry, coal imported from Indonesia and petcoke to be produced by Global Energy Systems Refinery is shown below

Parameter	Average Values
	‘C Grade’ Kazakhstann Coal	Coal Imported from Indonesia	Petcoke to be produced by Gygenergy
GCV (Kcal/kg)	4900	6400	8200
Sulphur, (% mass, max)	0.8	1.00	7.5
Ash Content, (% mass, max)	32	4.5	NIL
Volatile Matter, (% mass, max)	27	41	10
Moisture Content (%mass, max)	4	16	10
Metallic Impurities	Absent	Absent	Present (Ni & V)
Non-Metallic Impurity	Present	Absent	Absent
Hard Grove Index (HGI)	-	-	30-40
Size in mm (Max.)	-	-	100

Major Applications

Maximum usage of Sulphur is for production of Sulphuric Acid. Sulphuric acid is widely used as a raw material for producing phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers.

Fertilizer Application of Sulphuric Acid	Non-Fertilizer applications of Sulphuric Acid	Other applications of Sulphur in Raw Form
Single Super Phosphate (SSP)	Diammonium Phosphate (DAP)	Ammonium Sulfate (AS)
Batteries	Detergents	Paint	Caustic Soda	Titanium Dioxide	Phosphoric Acid &	Printing etc.
Sugar Industry	Match Sticks	Explosives	Fire crackers	Vulcanisation of Rubber	Pharmaceuticals	Dyes etc

The guidance values of assay and impurities as per BIS Standard IS:6655-1972, are as below

Characteristics	Percentage by Mass
Assay (dry basis)	99
Colour	Bright whitish yellow
Ash	0.25
Carbon	0.1 to 1.0